沼氣發(fā)電,沼氣發(fā)電機(jī)組,沼氣發(fā)電機(jī)組尾氣排放_(tái)沼氣發(fā)電機(jī)組污染物廠(chǎng)界排放及尾氣排放執(zhí)行什么標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

　　Biogas power generation, biogas generator set, biogas generator set exhaust emissions _ What standards are implemented for the discharge of pollutants at the factory boundary and exhaust emissions from biogas generator sets

　　目前污染物廠(chǎng)界排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)指示主要是排放煙囪出口NOx濃度、SO2濃度和顆粒物濃度三個(gè)維度，如下表所示：

　　At present, the emission standards for pollutants at the factory boundary mainly indicate three dimensions: NOx concentration, SO2 concentration, and particulate matter concentration at the chimney outlet, as shown in the table below:

　　　各地環(huán)境影響評(píng)價(jià)和環(huán)保驗(yàn)收的排放指標(biāo)主要是SO2和NOx各地執(zhí)行的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)主要有以下幾個(gè)：

　　The emission indicators for environmental impact assessment and environmental acceptance in various regions are mainly SO2 and NOx. The standards implemented in various regions mainly include the following:

　?、佟跺仩t大氣污染排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》(GB13271-2001-2014)

　?、?Boiler Air Pollution Emission Standards (GB13271-2001-2014)

　?、凇洞髿馕廴疚锞C合排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》(GB16297-1996)

　　② Comprehensive Emission Standards for Air Pollutants (GB16297-1996)

　?、邸洞蠊β收託獍l(fā)電機(jī)組》(GB/T29488-2013)

　　③ High power biogas generator sets "(GB/T29488-2013)

　?、堋痘痣姀S(chǎng)大氣污染物排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》(GB13223-2011)

　　④ Emission Standards for Air Pollutants from Thermal Power Plants (GB13223-2011)

　?、荨盾?chē)用點(diǎn)燃式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)及裝用點(diǎn)燃式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)汽車(chē)排放污染物排放限值及測(cè)量方法》(GB14762-2002)第二階段與《車(chē)用壓燃式、氣體燃料點(diǎn)燃式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)與汽車(chē)排氣污染物排放限值及測(cè)量方法(中國(guó)Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ階段)》(GB17691-2005)

　　⑤ GB14762-2002 "Limits and Measurement Methods for Pollutant Emissions from Spark Ignition Engines and Vehicles Equipped with Spark Ignition Engines" (Stage II) and GB17691-2005 "Limits and Measurement Methods for Pollutant Emissions from Compression Ignition and Gas Fuel Ignition Engines and Vehicles (Stage III, IV, V in China)

　　一、關(guān)于《鍋爐大氣污染排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》(GB13271-2001-2014)

　　1、 Regarding the Emission Standards for Boiler Air Pollution (GB13271-2001-2014)

　　《鍋爐大氣污染排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》有GB13271-2001和GB13271-2014兩個(gè)版本。2008年，環(huán)境保護(hù)部、發(fā)展改革委、能源局聯(lián)合印發(fā)《關(guān)于進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)生物質(zhì)電項(xiàng)目環(huán)境影響評(píng)價(jià)管理工作的通知》(<環(huán)發(fā)[2008]82號(hào)>)。其中針對(duì)“填埋氣發(fā)電機(jī)沼氣發(fā)電類(lèi)項(xiàng)目”提到“單臺(tái)出力65t/h及以下的發(fā)電鍋爐。參照《鍋爐大氣污染排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》(GB13271-2001)中燃?xì)忮仩t大氣污染最高允許排放濃度執(zhí)行。”因此，部分沼氣發(fā)電項(xiàng)目環(huán)境影響評(píng)價(jià)采用的是該文件提到的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。準(zhǔn)確說(shuō)，“往復(fù)式內(nèi)燃機(jī)式發(fā)電機(jī)組”不屬于發(fā)電鍋爐，因此執(zhí)行《鍋爐大氣污染排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》比較牽強(qiáng)，與實(shí)際情況有悖。尤其是在《鍋爐大氣污染排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》(GB13271-2014)新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)發(fā)布之后，適用范圍明確為：“新建鍋爐自2014年7月1日起，10t/h以下在用蒸汽鍋爐和7MW以上的熱水鍋爐，10t/h及以上在用蒸汽鍋爐和7MW及以下的熱水鍋爐，分別自2015年10月1日與2016年7月1日起執(zhí)行本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，《鍋爐大氣污染排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》(GB13271-2001)自2016年7月1日廢止”，更加表明“往復(fù)式內(nèi)燃機(jī)式發(fā)電機(jī)組”不適用于此標(biāo)準(zhǔn)所列范圍。

　　There are two versions of the "Boiler Air Pollution Emission Standards": GB13271-2001 and GB13271-2014. In 2008, the Ministry of Environmental Protection, the National Development and Reform Commission, and the Energy Administration jointly issued the Notice on Further Strengthening the Management of Environmental Impact Assessment for Biomass Power Projects (<Huan Fa [2008] No. 82>). Regarding the "landfill gas generator biogas power generation project", it is mentioned that "power generation boilers with a single output of 65t/h or less. Refer to the "Boiler Air Pollution Emission Standard" (GB13271-2001) for the maximum allowable emission concentration of air pollution from gas-fired boilers. ”Therefore, the environmental impact assessment of some biogas power generation projects adopts the standards mentioned in this document. To be precise, "reciprocating internal combustion engine generator sets" do not belong to power generation boilers, so implementing the "Boiler Air Pollution Emission Standards" is somewhat far fetched and contrary to the actual situation. Especially after the release of the new standard "Boiler Air Pollution Emission Standards" (GB13271-2014), the scope of application is clearly defined as follows: "Starting from July 1, 2014, for newly built boilers, this standard shall be implemented for in-service steam boilers below 10t/h and hot water boilers above 7MW, and for in-service steam boilers above 10t/h and hot water boilers below 7MW, respectively, from October 1, 2015 and July 1, 2016. The" Boiler Air Pollution Emission Standards "(GB13271-2001) shall be abolished from July 1, 2016", which further indicates that "reciprocating internal combustion engine generator sets" are not applicable to the scope listed in this standard.

　　二、關(guān)于《大氣污染物綜合排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》

　　2、 Regarding the Comprehensive Emission Standards for Air Pollutants

　　由于較為符合實(shí)際狀況的《車(chē)用點(diǎn)燃式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)及裝用點(diǎn)燃式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)汽車(chē)排放污染物排放限值及測(cè)量方法》和《中大功率沼氣發(fā)電機(jī)組》均未對(duì)SO2的排放做出規(guī)定，因此，部分沼氣發(fā)電項(xiàng)目環(huán)境影響評(píng)價(jià)中采用現(xiàn)行的《大氣污染物綜合排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》(GB16297-1996)來(lái)約束SO2的排放。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)明確：1997年1月1日起設(shè)立的（包括新建、擴(kuò)建、改建）的SO2污染排放限值為960mg/m?(一級(jí))與500mg/m?(二級(jí))。

　　Due to the lack of regulations on SO2 emissions in the "Emission Limits and Measurement Methods for Vehicles with Spark Ignition Engines and Vehicles Equipped with Spark Ignition Engines" and "Medium and High Power Biogas Generator Sets" that are more in line with actual conditions, some biogas power generation projects use the current "Comprehensive Emission Standards for Air Pollutants" (GB16297-1996) to constrain SO2 emissions in their environmental impact assessments. The standard is clear: the SO2 pollution emission limit established on January 1, 1997 (including new construction, expansion, and renovation) is 960mg/m? (Level 1) and 500mg/m? (Level 2).

　　三、關(guān)于《大功率沼氣發(fā)電機(jī)組》(GB/T29488-2013)

　　3、 Regarding "High Power Biogas Generator Sets" (GB/T29488-2013)

　　《大功率沼氣發(fā)電機(jī)組》(GB/T29488-2013)是由中國(guó)石油集團(tuán)濟(jì)柴動(dòng)力總廠(chǎng)負(fù)責(zé)起草，國(guó)家質(zhì)量監(jiān)督檢驗(yàn)檢疫總局和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化管理委員會(huì)發(fā)布實(shí)施的，適用于“額定頻率為50Hz或60Hz，功率不小于250kW，以沼氣（甲烷含量不低于30%）為主要燃料的往復(fù)式內(nèi)燃機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)的交流工頻發(fā)電機(jī)組”。該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定“機(jī)組在額定工況時(shí)排出的NOx污染物排放限值為3.48g/kWh”，相近于《車(chē)用點(diǎn)燃式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)及裝用點(diǎn)燃式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)汽車(chē)排放污染物排放限值及測(cè)量方法》，同前述相同，SO2的排放與氣源有關(guān)，也無(wú)從規(guī)定。

　　The "High Power Biogas Generator Set" (GB/T29488-2013) was drafted by China Petroleum Group Jichai Power Plant and implemented by the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine and the Standardization Management Committee. It is applicable to "AC power frequency generator sets driven by reciprocating internal combustion engines with rated frequency of 50Hz or 60Hz, power not less than 250kW, and mainly fueled by biogas (methane content not less than 30%)". This standard stipulates that the emission limit of NOx pollutants emitted by the unit under rated operating conditions is 3.48g/kWh, which is similar to the "Emission Limits and Measurement Methods for Vehicles with Spark Ignition Engines and Vehicles Equipped with Spark Ignition Engines". Similarly, the emission of SO2 is related to the gas source and cannot be regulated.

　　四、關(guān)于《火電廠(chǎng)大氣污染物排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》

　　4、 Regarding the Emission Standards for Air Pollutants from Thermal Power Plants

　　環(huán)保部發(fā)布的《火電廠(chǎng)大氣污染物排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》(GB13223-2011)，規(guī)定了以氣體為燃料的鍋爐或燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)組的SO2、NOx的排放限值。根據(jù)國(guó)家環(huán)?？偩汁h(huán)函[2010]123號(hào)《關(guān)于生活垃圾填埋氣體發(fā)電機(jī)組煙氣排放執(zhí)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)問(wèn)題的復(fù)函》：“《火電廠(chǎng)大氣污染物排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》(GB13223-2011)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)實(shí)施后，燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)組污染排放應(yīng)按標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的規(guī)定執(zhí)行。目前國(guó)家尚未制定采用氣體燃料的內(nèi)燃機(jī)發(fā)電機(jī)組的排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，地方省級(jí)政府可根據(jù)法律規(guī)定制定地方排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)?！倍託獍l(fā)電機(jī)組普遍采用的是“往復(fù)式內(nèi)燃機(jī)式發(fā)電機(jī)組”，也不適用于此標(biāo)準(zhǔn)所列范圍。

　　The "Emission Standards for Air Pollutants from Thermal Power Plants" (GB13223-2011) issued by the Ministry of Environmental Protection stipulate the emission limits for SO2 and NOx from boilers or gas turbine units that use gas as fuel. According to the reply of the State Environmental Protection Administration on the Implementation Standards for Flue Gas Emissions from Landfill Gas Generator Units (2010) No. 123, "After the implementation of the 'Emission Standards for Air Pollutants from Thermal Power Plants' (GB13223-2011) standard, the pollution emissions from gas turbine units should be carried out in accordance with the provisions of the standard. At present, the country has not yet formulated emission standards for internal combustion engine generator sets using gas fuels. Local and provincial governments may formulate local emission standards in accordance with legal provisions. ”The commonly used biogas generator set is a "reciprocating internal combustion engine generator set", which is not applicable to the scope listed in this standard.

　　五、關(guān)于《車(chē)用點(diǎn)燃式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)及裝用點(diǎn)燃式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)汽車(chē)排放污染物排放限值及測(cè)量方法》

　　5、 Regarding the emission limits and measurement methods of pollutants from spark ignition engines and vehicles equipped with spark ignition engines

　　根據(jù)國(guó)家環(huán)?？偩汁h(huán)函[2006]359號(hào)《關(guān)于內(nèi)燃式瓦斯發(fā)電項(xiàng)目環(huán)境影響評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)請(qǐng)示的復(fù)函》：“目前，我國(guó)還沒(méi)有發(fā)電用內(nèi)燃機(jī)大氣污染排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，使用以煤層氣（沼氣）為燃料的內(nèi)燃機(jī)發(fā)電建設(shè)項(xiàng)目，可根據(jù)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目環(huán)境影響評(píng)價(jià)文件審批時(shí)間，分別參照?qǐng)?zhí)行《車(chē)用點(diǎn)燃式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)及裝用點(diǎn)燃式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)汽車(chē)排放污染物排放限值及測(cè)量方法》(GB14762-2002)第二階段和《車(chē)用壓燃式、氣體燃料點(diǎn)燃式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)與汽車(chē)排氣污染物排放限值及測(cè)量方法(中國(guó)Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ階段)》(GB17691-2005)中的大氣污染排放控制要求，進(jìn)行環(huán)境影響評(píng)價(jià)”。本評(píng)價(jià)中NOx排放參照?qǐng)?zhí)行《車(chē)用壓燃式、氣體燃料點(diǎn)燃式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)與汽車(chē)排氣污染物排放限值及測(cè)量方法(中國(guó)Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ階段)》(GB17691-2005)中的大氣污染排放中國(guó)Ⅳ、Ⅴ階段(2010年、2012年起)的控制要求(NOx≤3.5g/kWh、NOx≤2.0g/kWh)。

　　According to the Reply to the Request for Environmental Impact Assessment Standards for Internal Combustion Gas Power Generation Projects (Huan Han [2006] No. 359) issued by the State Environmental Protection Administration, "Currently, there are no air pollution emission standards for internal combustion engines used in power generation in China. For internal combustion engine power generation construction projects using coalbed methane (biogas) as fuel, according to the approval time of the environmental impact assessment documents for construction projects, the air pollution emission control in the second phase of the" Emission Limits and Measurement Methods for Vehicles with Spark Ignition Engines and Vehicles Equipped with Spark Ignition Engines "(GB14762-2002) and the" Emission Limits and Measurement Methods for Vehicles with Compression Ignition and Gas Fuel Ignition Engines and Vehicle Exhaust Pollutants (China III, IV, V phases) "(GB17691-2005) can be followed respectively. Request to conduct an environmental impact assessment. The NOx emissions in this evaluation are subject to the control requirements of the Chinese Stage IV and V (2010, 2012 onwards) for air pollution emissions in accordance with the "Emission Limits and Measurement Methods for Compression Ignition and Gas Fuel Ignition Engines and Automotive Exhaust Pollutants (China Stage III, IV, V)" (GB17691-2005) (NOx ≤ 3.5g/kWh, NOx ≤ 2.0g/kWh).

　　該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)適用范圍符合項(xiàng)目實(shí)際采用的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)類(lèi)型。但對(duì)沼氣發(fā)電項(xiàng)目來(lái)說(shuō)，該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定了NOx的排放要求，SO2的排放與具體的沼氣品質(zhì)有關(guān)，在該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中也無(wú)從規(guī)定。

　　The scope of application of this standard conforms to the actual engine types used in the project. But for biogas power generation projects, this standard specifies the emission requirements for NOx, and the emission of SO2 is related to the specific quality of biogas, which cannot be specified in this standard.

　　綜上所述，采用燃?xì)鈨?nèi)燃機(jī)發(fā)電技術(shù)的沼氣發(fā)電機(jī)組NOx排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可參照《車(chē)用點(diǎn)燃式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)及裝用點(diǎn)燃式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)汽車(chē)排放污染物排放限值及測(cè)量方法》(GB14762-2002)第二階段與《車(chē)用壓燃式、氣體燃料點(diǎn)燃式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)與汽車(chē)排氣污染物排放限值及測(cè)量方法(中國(guó)Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ階段)》(GB17691-2005)，或《大功率沼氣發(fā)電機(jī)組》(GB/T29488-2013)執(zhí)行；SO2排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可參照《大氣污染物綜合排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》(GB16297-1996)執(zhí)行。

　　In summary, the NOx emission standards for biogas generator sets using gas internal combustion engine power generation technology can refer to the second stage of "Emission Limits and Measurement Methods for Motor Vehicles with Spark Ignition Engines and Installed Spark Ignition Engines" (GB14762-2002) and "Emission Limits and Measurement Methods for Motor Vehicles with Compression Ignition and Gas Fuel Ignition Engines and Exhaust Pollutants (China Stage III, IV, V)" (GB17691-2005), or "High Power Biogas Generator Sets" (GB/T29488-2013) for implementation; The SO2 emission standards can be implemented in accordance with the Comprehensive Emission Standards for Air Pollutants (GB16297-1996).

　　要解決沼氣發(fā)電機(jī)組尾氣排放執(zhí)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的爭(zhēng)議性問(wèn)題，首先我們要明確沼氣發(fā)電機(jī)組的工作原理？由于沼氣發(fā)電項(xiàng)目兼具社會(huì)效益與經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，利用沼氣發(fā)電機(jī)組發(fā)電并網(wǎng)，一般采用單機(jī)功率較小的往復(fù)式燃?xì)鈨?nèi)燃機(jī)組發(fā)電技術(shù)，通過(guò)沼氣在氣缸內(nèi)燃燒，帶動(dòng)活塞運(yùn)動(dòng)，產(chǎn)生動(dòng)力，再帶動(dòng)發(fā)電機(jī)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)電。該技術(shù)具有如下特點(diǎn)：

　　To solve the controversial issue of implementing standards for exhaust emissions from biogas generators, we first need to clarify the working principle of biogas generators? Due to the dual social and economic benefits of biogas power generation projects, the use of biogas generator sets for grid connection generally adopts the technology of reciprocating gas internal combustion units with low single unit power. By burning biogas in the cylinder, the piston is driven to generate power, which then drives the generator to operate and generate electricity. This technology has the following characteristics:

　?、賳挝磺呓ㄕ就顿Y少，2500~3500元/kW；投資回報(bào)率高：45%~80%；運(yùn)行成本低：0.1~0.12元/kWh。

　　① Low investment per kilowatt for station construction, ranging from 2500 to 3500 yuan/kW; high investment return rate: 45% to 80%; Low operating cost: 0.1~0.12 yuan/kWh.

　?、谌?xì)鈨?nèi)燃機(jī)機(jī)組配套設(shè)備簡(jiǎn)單，電站可移動(dòng)性強(qiáng)。

　?、?The supporting equipment for gas internal combustion engine units is simple, and the power station is highly mobile.

　　③機(jī)組單機(jī)功率范圍：4kW~2000kW，可以單臺(tái)工作，也可多臺(tái)并網(wǎng)，建站靈活。

　?、?The power range of a single unit is 4kW~2000kW, and it can work as a single unit or be connected to the grid with multiple units, making station construction flexible.

　　④電站自耗電少，不超過(guò)發(fā)電量的2%。

　?、?The self consumption of the power station is low, not exceeding 2% of the generated electricity.

　　⑤燃?xì)鈨?nèi)燃及采用熱電冷聯(lián)供，機(jī)組熱效率可達(dá)80%。

　?、?Gas internal combustion and the use of combined heat, power and cooling can achieve a thermal efficiency of up to 80% for the unit.

　?、迣?duì)沼氣氣源條件要求較低。

　?、?The requirements for biogas source conditions are relatively low.

　　沼氣發(fā)電機(jī)組污染物廠(chǎng)界排放及尾氣排放執(zhí)行什么標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

　　What standards are implemented for the discharge of pollutants at the factory boundary and exhaust emissions from biogas generators

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